conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? The participants were 71 male students in totality. Scott, W. A. repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. Hence, his cognition of his private belief is dissonant with his cognition concerning his actual public statement. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. 2. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). 0000001035 00000 n Rating scale 0 to 10. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). }. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. /Root 48 0 R This has many practical implications. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. % _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. 1. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Oct. 2011. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Our identity is in part created by identifying ourselves with the organization or the community for which the sacrifices have been made. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. 0000000848 00000 n Like Explorable? Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. One would consequently expect to observe such opinion change after a person has been forced or induced to say something contrary to his private opinion. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). $K{.-hC ;{l8S A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . York University, Toronto, Ontario. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Cognitive Dissonance | in Chapter 09: Motivation and Emotion In groupthink, members of the group______. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images. The discussion between the S and the girl was recorded on a hidden tape recorder. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. startxref If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. /Text The S worked at this task for another half hour. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. 4. "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. He then said: The E then took the S into the secretary's office where he had previously waited and where the next S was waiting. Don't have time for it all now? They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. . /Linearized 1.0 Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. stream In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? 3. Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. 0000011828 00000 n <> Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Flashcards | Quizlet While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. in order to reduce dissonance. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. Sandy was using_______ processing. 49 0 obj From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. About the Experiment - Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. 0 The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Subjects in both groups typically agreed to tell the next subject that the experiment was interesting. 47 0 obj << Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in PDF Cognitivd Complianc Es Consequence of Force E If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Please select the correct language below. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination The three faces of racism | Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia This is an example of_______ cause. . (Goleman, 1991). On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. [/PDF What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. Which of the following is not one of the elements of effective persuasion? If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. endstream Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. endobj Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. Retrieved Mar 04, 2023 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance. [1] The experiment reported here was done as part of a program of research supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation to the senior author. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959) conducted an experiment entitled "Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance". Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. 2. Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. The 71 subjects were informed that the experiment focuses on the "Measures of Performance." They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; But other factors would enter also. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. 3. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. << %%EOF The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. /Info 46 0 R Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. ]B|07oS8x 7\>Hu0Y(ax/oFpr9&wcN/lLvxva 0]pr8g7o>:kIR,7V_ so4;OO8{B9D W}evewdJ|zCjmgO41b:f~fH4RZHn%j0d&@0yuV;Yhr.a3{Zolv8=e":1'>TwO_3[p]%zX{H[g*uW?:4?= & JANIS, I.L. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Cite details from the essay that support your response. 4. ", 3. endobj Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . 5. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Social Researcher. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. How do we explain this? anything important? When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. Then, identify the underlined modifier by writing P for positive degree, C for comparative degree, or S for superlative degree. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced Description of Study Discourage questions and alternate solutions. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring & KING, B.T. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. His data, however did not support this idea. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on.