Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Another argument in favor of descriptive research is that once information is assembled, there are many ways to apply it. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Cambridge: Polity Press. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. 2. What are the pros and cons of descriptive research? Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. (DOC) Discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and Lovenduski, J. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Pros of Representative Democracy. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc. so that you can track your progress. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Emerald: Bingley. Swain, C. M. (1993). Phillips, A. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research - Career Trend Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Of course, descriptive representation is not logically necessary to promote minority interests. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. In our current system, voters are given one vote to . An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Vibert, F. (2007). Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? Towards a European union gender equality index. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. The future of feminism. Young, I. M. (1990). Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. PDF Descriptive and Substantive Representation in Congress: Evidence from The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - SpringerLink Pros and Cons of Data Visualization Explained | WisdomPlexus The Pros and Cons of Pros-and-Cons Lists - Harvard Business Review Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Between facts and norms. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Citing Literature. Gender and discourse. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? (2002). This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. (2004). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Nothing bores me faster than description.. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Various reasons clarify why this is. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. (1982). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Horizontal Communication What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Organizing Data With 5 No. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. Feminizing politics. Return to Figure. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. The affirmative action controversy. Teigen, M. (2000). Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages The pros of mixed-member proportional representation Required fields are marked *. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Proportional Representation Representatives. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. Grofman, B. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Advantage. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. (2005a). October 2004. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Weldon, L. S. (2002). Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Fraser, N. (2003). 1938). There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation - ResearchGate Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Affordable. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Surprising as it may seem, some teachers don't think grades are a useful tool. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. (Eds.). The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . It is an Efficient Form of Government. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. Quantitative Methodology. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Peter, F. (2011). Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Pros and Cons List Template | Miro The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. That's pretty straightforward. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. (1999). Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Estlund, D. (2008). There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. London: Routledge. Equality of opportunity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Descriptive vs Predictive vs Prescriptive Analytics | Key Differences On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. . The Impact of Descriptive Representation on Substantive Representation Institutionalizing intersectionality. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mansbridge, J. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Lafont, C. (2006). Descriptive Representation In Congress | American Congress The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Aldershot: Ashgate. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Social representation. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus.
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